Herbert Hoover, “Radio Address on Lincoln’s Birthday”
February 12, 1931
The Federal Government has assumed many new responsibilities since Lincoln’s
time, and will probably assume more in the future when the States and local
communities cannot alone cure abuse or bear the entire cost of national
programs, but there is an essential principle that should be maintained in
these matters. I am convinced that where Federal action is essential then in
most cases it should limit its responsibilities to supplement the States and
local communities, and that it should not assume the major role or the entire
responsibility, in replacement of the States or local government. To do
otherwise threatens the whole foundations of local government, which is the
very basis of self-government.
The moment responsibilities of any community, particularly in economic and
social questions, are shifted from any part of the Nation to
And buried in this problem lies something even deeper. The whole of
our governmental machinery was devised for the purpose that through ordered
liberty we give incentive and equality of opportunity to every individual to
rise to that highest achievement of which he is capable. At once when
government is centralized there arises a limitation upon the liberty of the
individual and a restriction of individual opportunity. The true growth of the
Nation is the growth of character in its citizens. The spread of government
destroys initiative and thus destroys character. Character is made in the
community as well as in the individual by assuming responsibilities, not by
escape from them. Carried to its logical extreme, all this shouldering of
individual and community responsibility upon the Government can lead but to the
superstate where every man becomes the servant of the State and real liberty is
lost. Such was not the government that
There is an entirely different avenue by which we may both resist this drift to centralized government and at the same time meet a multitude of problems. That is to strengthen in the Nation a sense and an organization of self-help and cooperation to solve as many problems as possible outside of government. We are today passing through a critical test in such a problem arising from the economic depression.
Due to lack of caution in business and to the impact of forces from an outside world, one-half of which is involved in social and political revolution, the march of our prosperity has been retarded. We are projected into temporary unemployment, losses, and hardships. In a Nation rich in resources, many people were faced with hunger and cold through no fault of their own. Our national resources are not only material supplies and material wealth but a spiritual and moral wealth in kindliness, in compassion, in a sense of obligation of neighbor to neighbor and a realization of responsibility by industry, by business, and the community for its social security and its social welfare.
The evidence of our ability to solve great problems outside of Government action and the degree moral strength with which we emerge from this period will be determined by whether the individuals and the local communities continue to meet their responsibilities.
Throughout this depression I have insisted upon organization of these forces through industry, through local government and through charity, that they should meet this crisis by their own initiative, by the assumption of their own responsibilities. The Federal Government has sought to do its part by example in the expansion of employment, by affording credit to drought sufferers for rehabilitation, and by cooperation with the community, and thus to avoid the opiates of Government charity and stifling of our national spirit of mutual self-help . . . .
We are going through a period when character and courage are on trial, and where the very faith that is within us is under test. Our people are meeting this test. And they are doing more than the mediate task of the day. They are maintaining the ideals of our American system. By their devotion to these ideals we shall come out of these times stronger in character, in courage, and in faith.